Abstract

This study aimed to test the effectiveness of water-based extracts and greensynthesized silver nanoparticle extracts from the Salvia officinalis plant in killing bacteria. We used the agar well diffusion method to see how well these extracts could fight against both Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). To understand the properties of the nanoparticles, we analyzed them using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that both types of extracts were effective against the bacteria, with performance similar to the antibiotic chloramphenicol used as a benchmark. An interesting finding was that combining the plant extracts with the antibiotic or the silver nanoparticle extract with the antibiotic significantly enhanced the ability to stop bacterial growth in all tested strains. The Grampositive bacteria were more affected than the Gram-negative ones, suggesting a potential way to overcome bacterial resistance.