Abstract

Laser–matter interactions at the nanoscale have emerged as a critical area of research due to their profound influence on the physical, chemical, and structural properties of nanomaterials. When intense laser irradiation interacts with nanoparticles and nanotubes, it induces localized energy absorption, leading to phenomena such as photothermal heating, melting, reshaping, fragmentation, and phase transformation. These effects are strongly governed by parameters including laser wavelength, pulse duration, fluence, and the intrinsic optical and thermal properties of the nanomaterials. In the case of metallic and semiconductor nanoparticles, laser exposure can result in size redistribution, surface modification, and enhanced plasmonic responses, while carbon-based nanotubes exhibit defect generation, alignment, and controlled functionalization. Understanding these laser-induced processes is essential for tailoring nanomaterials for applications in nanofabrication, sensing, photonics, biomedicine, and energy devices. This study reviews and investigates the fundamental mechanisms underlying laser–nanomaterial interactions and highlights recent advances in controlled modification of nanoparticles and nanotubes through laser processing techniques.